Its a shame that only a very few Egyptian Jews remain in Egypt now...don't you ever wonder what happened to them, those people were EGYTPIAN, and they were an integral part of our society and lived in harmony with their countrymen as equal citizens, Egyptian jews were just like any other Egyptian, but unfortunatley once the ZIONISM movement started many Egyptiians didn't understand the difference between Zionism and Judaism...and the sentiment against them turned bitter, specially after the ."LAVON AFFAIR where Egyptian jews were recruited by Israel to spy on Egypt and bomb several key foreign targets in Egypt, after that many Egyptians mistrusted all Egyptian Jews.
Anyways now adays most egyptians dont understand THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN JUDAISM AND ZIONISM which is very sad. I am 100% against Zionism and the autrocities the state of Israel commits...but i am not against Judaism and have a deep respect for that religion, specially that i am a muslim i know that the Prophet lived peacfully with the jews and said they must be treated well when living amongst muslims, since they are people of the book. Read the Article below regarding jews of Egypt.
THIS PICTURE SHOWS HOW IT WAS PRETTY NORMAL TO BE A JEW IN EGYPT, THIS IS GENERAL NAGUIB SHAKING HANDS WITH THE RABBI OF EGYPT....
READ THIS THE ARTICLE:Few Egyptian Jews Left, Proud But Cautious
Monday, December 25, 2006
Thursday, December 14, 2006
This is Bad...Very Bad. Muslim Brother hood in Egypt
THIS IS BAD The MB members who are students at Azhar University held a protest that was very alarming. My view is the Goverment should CRUSH THEM!! Unfortunatley its the only way to deal with those people.
Tuesday, December 12, 2006
The Sunni Lebanese opinion.
HERE READ THIS view of a sunni Lebanese blogger regarding the current crisis Hassouna has created, BEIRUT SPRING lives in Lebanon, and has a great blog.
ALSO READ HOW NASRALLAH MISUNDERSTANDS SUNNIS
Hizbolla has influenced the Sunni opinion outside Lebanon via news stations such as AL Jazeera but can't fool the Sunni Lebanese.. HERE IS A GOOD POST ABOUT THIS
We should all stand by Seniora if we want a stable middle east. I've Said it before, if Hizbolla takes over in Libnan, then the Muslim Brother hood will take over in Egypt!!
A quick Thought about the current Lebanese Crisis.
Hello Egyptians and Arabs , and any readers..Now can i tell you something, maybe it will open your mind and maybe not. Israel sucks.(i'm not saying all jews, i mean Israels Goverment and Zionist movement supporters) ..we all know that, what they do in Palestine and Libnan is 100% wrong. Now..Israel just bombed Libnan due to an excuse that HIzballah kidnapped their soldiers..now israel is done with bombin libnan, and the new PROBLEM that is about to destroy libnan is Hizbolla...uncle Hassouna is not an elected ruler of lebanon, and Hizbolla should not act as a state within a state..DONT GET MAD, just hear me out.
Hassan Nasrallah cannot be your hero JUST BECAUSE he stood up to Israel, Hizbollah cannot be allowed to run a democratic country like libnan, they would let SYRIA and IRAN get involved in everything and take libnan down with them. Most lebanese weather they are christian or muslim don't like Hizbolla, specially the sunni muslims they have actually a couple of fights in the street with them teh past few days/ Hizbolla is willing to fight israel to the last lebanese ....lebanese dont' want that, The lebanese want to live in peace and not get in any fights or problems....
What Hassan Nasrallahs Hizbolla movement is doing could lead to a Lebanese Civil War. Rafik Harriri is the man who rebuilt Lebanon and in his last days he was against Syria's interferance in libnans affairs and was calling for Hizbolla to DISARM...
so not anyone that STANDS UP TO ISRAEL should be a hero...i feel like some arabs if someone kills their mom and rapes her but the next day they fight israel or america they are their hereos...Expand your minds..and look at the BIG PICTURE!
Listen, Hizbolla stood up to ISrael, yes and they did a good job at it, BUT thats where it should END... There is an elected Lebanese Goverment headed by Fouad Seniora that handles the countries political affairs..so Hizbolla needs to butt out of this, if they want to be involved, then they should disarm, and not be so FARSI and SYRIAN oriented!!
Would you realy want to be ruled by a man like HASSAN NASRALLA? Trust me if Hizbolla takes over Lebanon, next will be the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt and so on and so on...
Hassan Nasrallah cannot be your hero JUST BECAUSE he stood up to Israel, Hizbollah cannot be allowed to run a democratic country like libnan, they would let SYRIA and IRAN get involved in everything and take libnan down with them. Most lebanese weather they are christian or muslim don't like Hizbolla, specially the sunni muslims they have actually a couple of fights in the street with them teh past few days/ Hizbolla is willing to fight israel to the last lebanese ....lebanese dont' want that, The lebanese want to live in peace and not get in any fights or problems....
What Hassan Nasrallahs Hizbolla movement is doing could lead to a Lebanese Civil War. Rafik Harriri is the man who rebuilt Lebanon and in his last days he was against Syria's interferance in libnans affairs and was calling for Hizbolla to DISARM...
so not anyone that STANDS UP TO ISRAEL should be a hero...i feel like some arabs if someone kills their mom and rapes her but the next day they fight israel or america they are their hereos...Expand your minds..and look at the BIG PICTURE!
Listen, Hizbolla stood up to ISrael, yes and they did a good job at it, BUT thats where it should END... There is an elected Lebanese Goverment headed by Fouad Seniora that handles the countries political affairs..so Hizbolla needs to butt out of this, if they want to be involved, then they should disarm, and not be so FARSI and SYRIAN oriented!!
Would you realy want to be ruled by a man like HASSAN NASRALLA? Trust me if Hizbolla takes over Lebanon, next will be the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt and so on and so on...
Friday, November 24, 2006
Muslims STOP slandering ISLAM!!!
This has gotten rediculous,now a GRANDMOTHER SUICIDE BOMBER I as a muslim am embarrased by what muslims have been doing concerning Jihad, or just in general when they deal with any problem. Any good muslim know SUICIDE IN ANY FORM = ONE WAY TICKET TO HELL. Muslims have been acting like idiots around the world, embarrassing our religion...How could we ever expect to be called a peacful religion when we have crazy zeolots commiting Beheadings, suicide bombings and such things.??? This is against the teachings of the Quran and the prophet (PBUH).
We have a few stupid Sheikhs saying rediculous statements, such as the one that said "kill any jew you see" or the one who said "women are like a piece of meat" and those are just a few.... I even had some moron leave me a comment on one of my posts telling me we should expel all Christian copts from Egypt..i mean what a mindless retarded thing to say....How could we let those MORONS say such things that ABSOLUTELY CONTRADICT THE QuRan! We must take a STAND against those IDIOTS and CONDEMN THEM JUST AS MUCH AS WE CONDEMN ISRAEL, USA and so on..
How can animals in Baghdad behead another human being infront of a banner that said La Illah Illa Illah,and muslims around the world sit quite about it>>?? Iraqis are now killing eachother daily, over 100 dead every day, and we hear no condemming of it, we only hear about condemnation if one is killed by USA, how about the other 99!!?
After the insulting prophet cartoons the way some muslims reacted was rediculous, going to the streets burning things, holding banners that say slay the cartoonist, come on people, there are other ways to deal with such things, and not just confirm peoples believes that muslims are violent in the name of religion!!
Grandmothers doing sucicide bombings! And who would a suicide bomber most likely kill, INNOCENT PEOPLE, Not all Israelis agree with what their goverment does...ITS TIME TO WAKE UP AND STOP CALLING ALL JEWS PIGS AND MONKEYS, OUR PROPHET (PBUH) LIVED AMONG THE JEWS/CHRISTIANS and treated them with Respect, Salah El Deen our great warrior, also treated them with respect as any GOOD MUSLIM WOULD
We all know the horrible acts that are being commited against fellow muslims, and we all know its Unfair! but we must act like civilized HUMAN BEINGS and remember that every muslim has to represent Islam as it truly is... Some Palestinians are celebrating their kids suicide and grooming them to do that...WHY? >take a look at this PROUD FATHER
I will always stand by my word Islam is a Religion of PEACE....But remember actions are louder than words, and IF WE KNOW the media will probably only show the Bad Side, WHY GIVE THEM ONE!!!?
They currently say Islam is the fastest spreading Religion in the world....Now IMAGINE if Muslims hadn't been acting the way they have lately, How much Bigger Islam would be. I know those bad acts are not committed by the MAJORITY of muslims, but guess what,What we see is the Bad acts...so REFRAIN FROM DOING THEM
We have a few stupid Sheikhs saying rediculous statements, such as the one that said "kill any jew you see" or the one who said "women are like a piece of meat" and those are just a few.... I even had some moron leave me a comment on one of my posts telling me we should expel all Christian copts from Egypt..i mean what a mindless retarded thing to say....How could we let those MORONS say such things that ABSOLUTELY CONTRADICT THE QuRan! We must take a STAND against those IDIOTS and CONDEMN THEM JUST AS MUCH AS WE CONDEMN ISRAEL, USA and so on..
How can animals in Baghdad behead another human being infront of a banner that said La Illah Illa Illah,and muslims around the world sit quite about it>>?? Iraqis are now killing eachother daily, over 100 dead every day, and we hear no condemming of it, we only hear about condemnation if one is killed by USA, how about the other 99!!?
After the insulting prophet cartoons the way some muslims reacted was rediculous, going to the streets burning things, holding banners that say slay the cartoonist, come on people, there are other ways to deal with such things, and not just confirm peoples believes that muslims are violent in the name of religion!!
Grandmothers doing sucicide bombings! And who would a suicide bomber most likely kill, INNOCENT PEOPLE, Not all Israelis agree with what their goverment does...ITS TIME TO WAKE UP AND STOP CALLING ALL JEWS PIGS AND MONKEYS, OUR PROPHET (PBUH) LIVED AMONG THE JEWS/CHRISTIANS and treated them with Respect, Salah El Deen our great warrior, also treated them with respect as any GOOD MUSLIM WOULD
We all know the horrible acts that are being commited against fellow muslims, and we all know its Unfair! but we must act like civilized HUMAN BEINGS and remember that every muslim has to represent Islam as it truly is... Some Palestinians are celebrating their kids suicide and grooming them to do that...WHY? >take a look at this PROUD FATHER
I will always stand by my word Islam is a Religion of PEACE....But remember actions are louder than words, and IF WE KNOW the media will probably only show the Bad Side, WHY GIVE THEM ONE!!!?
They currently say Islam is the fastest spreading Religion in the world....Now IMAGINE if Muslims hadn't been acting the way they have lately, How much Bigger Islam would be. I know those bad acts are not committed by the MAJORITY of muslims, but guess what,What we see is the Bad acts...so REFRAIN FROM DOING THEM
Thursday, November 09, 2006
Israel kills 18 Palestinian Civilians
Why would they do THIS Abviousley Israel doesn not want peace, they want chaos...They have proved this in the Lebanon war and in their continued massacres of Palestinians. I used to be pretty liberal about Israel but now i'm gonna have to say FUCK ISRAEL! Ofcourse you won't see much of this report on the AMERICAN news, but for every action there is a reaction, so when the Palestinians react to this massacre it will be all over the news, ofcourse making the palestinians look like they started it all... I cannot imagine whats going through some of the relatives of the victims minds...Israel is creating more hard-liners every day, and thats what they want!!
Monday, November 06, 2006
King Farouk.
If you've read my last post, you'll see my point on how Egypt was much better off during the Rule of Fouad,Farouk, ect... "J" Left this as a comment regarding my Egypt PRE-COUPE' ERA Post!, it was a great comment summarizing King Farouks Rule.
"My parents always maintained that Farouk was extremely popular when he first became King. But lost it for four reasons. 1) His feuds with the Wafd party (He continually appointed minority governments). 2) Failure to stand up to the British when they surrounded the Abdin Palace with tanks and latter when they attacked the Ismailia barracks. 3) The continual corruption scandals 4) Defeat by Israel.
(Oh did I mention that he was fat?)
During Farouks reign there was freedom of the press (except when British censored it in WW2), free elections and generally no political prisoners (Except when the Wafd imprisoned the pro-axisgovt after the British overthrew the govt in February 1942).
Also, under the 15 Farouks rule the number of schools tripled.
Farouks big problem was details. He was not interested in them. When he appointed either minority parties or bureaucrats to form governments .he would leave the policies to them. He was notorious for telephoning individual ministers with ideas the middle of the night (often from a dinner party) and then leaving it to the minister to sort it out .with the added risk that the King might forget or ask about it six months later.
When forced to appoint a Wafd government (either by the British or popular opinion) he would sulk and spend the next couple of years ignoring them and partying.
The British were the biggest problem. They viewed Farouks 39-42 government as pro-nazi, which was an exaggeration .the Prime Minister tried to cut a deal with the Germans/Italians because it looked like the British were about to loose the war. As it was he became too obvious .and the then British ambassador surrounded the palace with tanks. He forced Farouk to re-appoint the Wafd. (Who thus screwed their credibility).
After that people were divided between those who felt sympathetic: that the King had no choice but concede to British demands and those who felt that he shouldhonorablehonourable thing by defying the British and being deposed.
Throughout the 1940s & early 50s there were a series of corruption scandals which involved politicians of all parties, senior bureaucrats and some minor members of the Royaskeptical A sceptical public saw the political establishment as increasingly venial and corrupt.
He dismissed that Wafd as soon as he could (1944?) and appointed another government of bureaucrats. They managed to negotiate a brilliant deal over the Canal .and what f*cked it? Sudan.laborritish Labour government offered to withdraw all British troops but wanted Sudanese self determination. The MB & Wafd wouldn't swallow that and so under pressure, Farouk rejected the deal (True!!!!). Then the 48 war with Israel and we lost.
I think that's when the MB started assassinating people in earnest .the Prime Minister anyway. (They'd killed a few judges in the forties ..oh sorry they never assassinate people, any brother who does, did it without orders(?!) or had just left the brotherhood, right I believe that).
Now here something Ive often thought: the army lost the war. They blamed the government (i.e. King Farouk A guy not interested in details). Now, the govt was THEN made up civilians .not solders. In fact they would have left all the military decisions to the army .how then did the King get the blame?!?!?
Ultimately, yes. He was head of state and had appointed the govt ..but the war was handled by the army and they lost ..yet every school book blames Farouk. Hmmm.
4 years later the military coup (sorry revolution) happens.
Straight after the war Farouk appointed the Wafd and goes off on a sulk and a bender.
The Wafd decide to tackle the British (they're no longer friends), both in the canal and in Sudan. Also they start the war of attrition against Israel.
The Wafd sponsor the freedom battalions to attack both military & civilian targets. (The Brits called them terrorists). The aim was to make life difficult for the 80K troops they had there .and eventually they'd go home.
BUT Churchill was now in British PM (Labour was out) and anxious to prove that their dying empire wasnt dead yet. The attacks were carried out by the Liberation Battalions which were organized by Egyptian Intelligence from the Ismailia Police Barracks. On 25th January 1952 the British Army tanks & troops entered Egyptian territory to disarm the Egyptian Police. They expected no resistance. Instead the police refused to surrender. A pitched battle followed, in which 4 British soldiers and 42 Egyptian policemen were killed.
Only the Interior Minister Serageddin publicly called for popular resistance. Neither King nor the rest of the Wafdist government supported him. Both were intimidated by 80,000 strong British garrison in the Canal Zone.
The Egyptian Army, which was then only 50,000 strong, stayed in its barracks(!) and the police fought alone.
Anti-British riots swept the country and the Wafd fell. Farouk was unable to find anyone who could form a stable government.
Four governments were formed and fell between 25th January & 23rd July 1952. It was during this chaos, when public opinion of both King and Parliament were at their lowest that the Free Officers Movement launched their Military Coup.
The Free Officers did inform the American Ambassador (Who informed the British) just before it happened. (Apparently, they'd heard that the military police were going to arrest them so decided to act first, but told the Americans to try and play them against the Brits)
Te British Ambassador & the Military commander of the Canal Zone requested instructions from London. These arrived fairly late and were not to interfere.
The British did not like Farouk.
On the whole, Id agree Farouk was much better than what followed. Yes, he appointed govts. That didnt have parliamentary majorities but he never interfered with elections nor ban political parties (MB and communists excepted) nor have political prisoners nor interfere with press freedom nor have censorship.
Perhaps if he had he might have lasted longer.
On the minus side: He was lazy, left too much to subordinates and (worstcrime) had an eating disorder.
Egypts Liberal Constitutional Monarchy 1921 to 1952 RIP.
We'd be under Faud II now."
Sunday, October 29, 2006
Modern Cosmopolitan Egypt Before 1952
What happened to Good ol' Egypt....The Egypt before the 52" coupe? Before that horrible coupe' Egypt was a cosmopolitan, glorious, country, where Arts and Fashion were abundant, where most people were happy, where if someone worked hard they could actually achieve...
Before the Revolution, people from all over used to migrate to Egypt, specially Cairo & Alexandria, it was full of Greeks, Armenians, and many more people...Most of those migrants worked in the private sector and owned their own business, and they took care of the poor people that worked for them, and paid them well! Then the "Revolution" came and *NATIONALIZED all business, so ofcourse most of those people left Egypt!
What happened to EGYPTIAN JEWS? You know Egypt had over 100,000 Jewish citizens,they were treated just like anyone else during the pre-disaster(revolution) days, I mean why shouldn't they be, they were EGYPTIANS.. Big department stores such as Chiquorelle were owned by jewish families, but ofcourse even though they were EGYPTIANS when the Revolution came, they were discriminated against and pretty much given no choice but to leave Egypt.
Egypt had buildings that rivaled those in Europe and anywhere in the world, beautiful buildings...those buildings still stand now, except that now they have chicken coupes on the roof and are dirty and near tumbling over.. If you look at some of the old buildings in Alex and Cairo you can see how beautiful they must have been at one time, it makes me so sad to see this!
All you have to do is just watch Egyptian movies from the 40's and 50's and you see how beautiful and classy Egypt was, we had Starlets and stars, now we are happy with Mohamed Saad and Elhinidy..The Golden era is over, even in our movies, they are so stupid those slap stick comedies...I recommend watching
Omarit Ya3kobian . This movie shows you how corrupt and lost Egypt has become!
What exactly did this 1952 revolution do for us? NOT MUCH...The officers had great intentions I think, and ofcourse they wanted to help Egypt, but they committed a big mistake by taking over Egypt.. I feel like that day was the beginning of the decline of our Beautiful Country, and look at it now! Even when someone like SADAT came and was maybe ready to make a difference and lead us to prosperity again, Egyptians killed him! That day I believe Egypt lost all hope.. :(
Mr Nasser introduced FREE COLLEGE EDUCATION, what a STUPID idea, how could you just give ANYONE a free education, yes teach them howto read and write and put them through highschool, but not just FREE through college, give that FREE EDUCATION to people that DESERVE it, as in a SCHOLARSHIP system, not just anyone...Now everyone is a doctor, Engineer..blah blah blah, and they can't find jobs ofcourse because EVERYONE has a degree, it doesn't mean anything anymore!!
Egypt ofcourse wasn't perfect before the revolution,the kings were greedy but to an extent, maybe farouk was too much of a puppet, but I think he played his cards right.. But the Bashawat and beys always took care of the poor people, my grandmother tells me back then, Yes some people were struggling but overall the country was a million times better, she said the rich always gave a lot to the poor, and there were many jobs..
If you don't agree with what I'm saying, JUST COMPARE, Egypt Then and NOW, and if it stays on the path it is now, then this will be EGYPT BY 2018, and we definitly don't wanna see that!
It is impossible for a regime change now, so the change must come from within, every person must start by HIMESLF first...and maybe, just maybe in another 50 years we will return to our old glory :( "ya Khosara ya masr"
Before the Revolution, people from all over used to migrate to Egypt, specially Cairo & Alexandria, it was full of Greeks, Armenians, and many more people...Most of those migrants worked in the private sector and owned their own business, and they took care of the poor people that worked for them, and paid them well! Then the "Revolution" came and *NATIONALIZED all business, so ofcourse most of those people left Egypt!
What happened to EGYPTIAN JEWS? You know Egypt had over 100,000 Jewish citizens,they were treated just like anyone else during the pre-disaster(revolution) days, I mean why shouldn't they be, they were EGYPTIANS.. Big department stores such as Chiquorelle were owned by jewish families, but ofcourse even though they were EGYPTIANS when the Revolution came, they were discriminated against and pretty much given no choice but to leave Egypt.
Egypt had buildings that rivaled those in Europe and anywhere in the world, beautiful buildings...those buildings still stand now, except that now they have chicken coupes on the roof and are dirty and near tumbling over.. If you look at some of the old buildings in Alex and Cairo you can see how beautiful they must have been at one time, it makes me so sad to see this!
All you have to do is just watch Egyptian movies from the 40's and 50's and you see how beautiful and classy Egypt was, we had Starlets and stars, now we are happy with Mohamed Saad and Elhinidy..The Golden era is over, even in our movies, they are so stupid those slap stick comedies...I recommend watching
Omarit Ya3kobian . This movie shows you how corrupt and lost Egypt has become!
What exactly did this 1952 revolution do for us? NOT MUCH...The officers had great intentions I think, and ofcourse they wanted to help Egypt, but they committed a big mistake by taking over Egypt.. I feel like that day was the beginning of the decline of our Beautiful Country, and look at it now! Even when someone like SADAT came and was maybe ready to make a difference and lead us to prosperity again, Egyptians killed him! That day I believe Egypt lost all hope.. :(
Mr Nasser introduced FREE COLLEGE EDUCATION, what a STUPID idea, how could you just give ANYONE a free education, yes teach them howto read and write and put them through highschool, but not just FREE through college, give that FREE EDUCATION to people that DESERVE it, as in a SCHOLARSHIP system, not just anyone...Now everyone is a doctor, Engineer..blah blah blah, and they can't find jobs ofcourse because EVERYONE has a degree, it doesn't mean anything anymore!!
Egypt ofcourse wasn't perfect before the revolution,the kings were greedy but to an extent, maybe farouk was too much of a puppet, but I think he played his cards right.. But the Bashawat and beys always took care of the poor people, my grandmother tells me back then, Yes some people were struggling but overall the country was a million times better, she said the rich always gave a lot to the poor, and there were many jobs..
If you don't agree with what I'm saying, JUST COMPARE, Egypt Then and NOW, and if it stays on the path it is now, then this will be EGYPT BY 2018, and we definitly don't wanna see that!
It is impossible for a regime change now, so the change must come from within, every person must start by HIMESLF first...and maybe, just maybe in another 50 years we will return to our old glory :( "ya Khosara ya masr"
Saturday, October 28, 2006
Israeli Army firing on Demonstrators, injuring an Israeli
Got this VIDEO from OUWET.COM a Lebanese Forces Blog.
Israeli activists have uploaded a video of the shooting of Lymor and the initial violence of the Israeli military in Bil’in on Friday, August 11th.
The video clearly shows the Border Police unit firing on the demonstrators from close range. There is no evidence that the soldiers were in danger. Typically, the military spokesperson has claimed that “activists threw stones” and Haaretz’s article yesterday reiterating the same false information. The video also clearly shows the commander of the unit saying, “This is Lebanon!” as he orders his force to fire on retreating demonstrators, and “I will not allow a demonstration during wartime!”
Israeli activists have uploaded a video of the shooting of Lymor and the initial violence of the Israeli military in Bil’in on Friday, August 11th.
The video clearly shows the Border Police unit firing on the demonstrators from close range. There is no evidence that the soldiers were in danger. Typically, the military spokesperson has claimed that “activists threw stones” and Haaretz’s article yesterday reiterating the same false information. The video also clearly shows the commander of the unit saying, “This is Lebanon!” as he orders his force to fire on retreating demonstrators, and “I will not allow a demonstration during wartime!”
Tuesday, October 24, 2006
SO, after Visiting EGYPT, what is my view??
So, i've been back to the USA now for about a month, was in Egypt from Aug 28th-Sept 29th.
Let me get started by saying Egypt is great and i LOVE IT..10% was clean and organized but i'm gonna talk about the other 90% of the country now.
WOW! Poor Egypt, its people treat it like SHIT!...IF Egypt was a person she would ask "WHY ARE YOU DOING THIS TO ME?"
The Garbage, all over, people just throw their garbage and litter in the street without even thinking twice...and people around them don't say a word about it.
When i asked a few people why they do this, they said "you must be from out of town" i said "NO, I'm Egyptian, aren't you, why do you do this to your country?" They had no answer.
The beautiful Medeterraean sea, in Alexandria, i feel bad for it, You can see what the Governer of ALEX (now head of all governers in egypt) has done to the city, he realy tried to do alot, but still people just have no respect for their surroundings..Sidi Bishr beach was done up nicely but on the beach itself there was garbage everwhere. If you want to goto a nice beach in Alex, you have to goto MONTAZA..Anywhere nice in Egypt it seems you have to goto a PRIVATE place, because 90% of the public treat other places like SHIT!
It was nice how they expanded the cournish road to 4 lanes now, BUT the crossing tunnels are too far apart, so every day people are crossing 8 lanes of highspeed traffic, daily people die on the cournishe..
And don't get me started on the Rail-Way station, it was disgusting, specially when riding from Alex and going into Cairo,i couldn't believe the garbage, i even said "are we entering Cairo or a DUMP" people got offended, but you know what, they act offended and like they care, but their actions sure don't show that!!
The driving is rediculous, people just have NO RESPECT for traffic laws, the RED LIGHT means nothing to them, they have to have a police at every light so people may obey. and the sad thing is that the police at the light are just young kids from the country side who get no respect from the public to begin with, and THEY HATE THEIR JOB (they are moganadeen, as in the Army and are forced to do this job) Even the OFFICERS aren't paid well at all, so therefore they accept bribes and never do their job to the fullest, but you can't blame them, they need to feed their families!
Why can't people there even stand in line? i can't believe such a simple thing is hard to do, i went to buy some sandwiches, and people were all over trying to pay, i asked where the line was and ofcourse they said "you must not be from here" :(
I was walking on the Nile cournishe in Cairo and eating Corn, after i finished i asked a man selling something on the side if he had a wastebasket for me to throw the stem in, he said "the nile, throw it in the nile" i said "NO THANKS, i'm egyptian i don't polutte my NILE" ofcourse he thought i was crazy, but this just shows you how much people don't care or are so unaware ....
My aunt heads Nile TV, and i tried to talk to her about some of these things and she just told me thats EGYPT and thats how it is! While at the TV building (goverment owned television ofcourse) i met an Anchor from BBC news his name was Robert Buttler, he was there training Egyptian news people, he is retired as a TV anchor and is now a consultant. Him and I and my Aunt went to lunch and discussed a few things about Egypt, he was a great guy,and he said Egypt needed people such as myself to try and make a change... if your reading this Robert, it was a pleaure meeting you.
I ask myself What Happened? and the answer lies in GAMAL ABD-ELNASER, that man had good intentions but he DESTROYED our economy and led us to many fruitless wars where thouands of Egyptians were killed for NOTHING! the THAWRA (revolution) was the downfall of Egypt, you may say King Farouk was a bad man but NO, he wan't good but he wasn't Bad either, during his time Egypt was clean, and fashionable and a cosmopolitan place, just look at the movies from the 1940's and you will see how beautiful and different Egypt was then, and how the people even talked and acted different! My grandmother told me during Farouk, the Rich gave alot to the poor, and everyone took care of one another for the benefit of the country! I'm sure many of you wont' agree with me about Gamal Abd Elnasser but hey, LOOK AT THE FACTS!
I asked a taxi driver in Alex, why do people treat Egypt like this< he had a great answer he said "look at us, look at me, this 1965 piece of shit taxi to buy is LE35,000, ($5,000) , i couldn't beleive it, a car like that shouldn't be worth more than $200, he told me how bad the economy was, and how the goverment just takes bribes and does'nt care about the LOWER class of the population, he said look at how we live, then he said "IF EGYPT WAS ON FIRE I WOULDN'T PEE ON IT TO SAVE IT"...i kind of got his point, the goverment has abandoned its people, they make everything so complicated and hard on the poor people.. and the people have no love for their country because of that!
I couldn't believe how many women now dawn the HIJAB, it was never like this before, i'm muslim but i think Hijab is a choice not a solid part of Islam..Now most of the women are wearing the Hijab, and they are mostly wearing it because of social pressure not because of Religious beliefs..Remmber the beautiful Egyptian classy women such as Om Kalthoum and so on, they didn't dawn the hijab and they were well respected and loved by all...Listen if your gonna wear the HIJAB but tight jeans and makeup then WHY?
I am not just gonna sit back and critisize Egypt while i'm living it up in the USA, i'm gonna try and make a change, all the good minds are leaving EGYPT, we need to go back and make a change..I'm going to try and save some money here and in 5 years go back and make a change!! WHY? Because i LOVE MY COUNTRY! The Egyptian people have such good hearts...dirty, clean, rich or poor they have GOOD HEARTS!
Now, there were also beautiful places in Egypt, such as Sharm El Sheikh, beautiful and clean, i had a great time there, also in ALEX there were very nice and clean places, they cleaned up alot, and in cairo as well...What i'm trying to say i guess is Egypt is UGLY and BEAUTIFUL at the same time!! To go somewhere nice, you had to pay or have a membership it seemed like, and you had to pay alot, some of the nice clubs cost me LE150 just to get in, such as the HardRock and Pacha in Sharm El Sheikh..
HERE ARE SOME VIDEOS
VIDEO LINK TO MY TRIP
Wednesday, August 30, 2006
Third Day in EGYPT.
I arrived in Cairo 3 days ago, flying over the pyramids brought a tear to my Eye, after 13 years of being away from my home, it realy hit me, I"M HOME! Landed in Cairo airport, met by my Mom and Dad, we headed to Tahrir where my mother now lives, the traffic was shocking, very hard to adjust to, some streets were clean some were very dirty, again a very hard thing to adjust to. My father and i then dropped my mom off then we headed to Alexandria, the road is actually fairly new, but ofcourse the driving is hard to describe, people just drive and thats it, no lanes, nothing, but there were 2 speed check points. We arrived in Alex and thats when i Realy felt like i'm home, the smell of the Sea, man did i miss that smell!! Alex is alot more crowded then what it was years ago, and i noticed there are alot of veiled women, it was definitly not like this when i lived here. The courniche is amazing, but unfortunatly all the buildings paint is peeled off and rotted from the salt corrosion, they need to use better paint, but i'll get into the "CHANGE" part later. Its just good to be home, the welcome i got from some old family friends was undescribable, it was amazing. I even found one of my best friends from childhood still living at the same house, i just walked there and i saw his mother, and she hid me in the living room because he was in the shower, then when he came out i surprised him, after 12 YEARS, TWELVE YEARS, it was amazing.
There are many changes that need to be taken here, and again i will get into that after i spend some more time here and get a feel to the population and my surroundings. I LOVE BEING HOME! :)
Thursday, August 24, 2006
I'm finally going to EGYPT 8/27-9/28
I havn't been back in a long time, i am so excited to go back and see Egypt for myself, God willing i make it there safely. Hopefully my next entry will be from Alexandria ;)
Wednesday, August 23, 2006
What can i do for my Country?
What can i do for my country? I keep asking myself this question. As i'm sitting here in beautiful CLEAN Arizona, USA complaining about how filthy Egypt is, and how there is no System and how corrupt the goverment and the people are, i ask myself this question. I love Egypt, i have not been back in many years, i was born there and grew up there till i was 14, it is my country! But do i realy want to go back to country where no one is accountable for anything that happens, where human life isn't worth a dime, where people have no hope and just gave up, where a man is one minute holding up his flag acting like a patriot but the next minute littering in the street of his own Country? Yes i do want to go back! i want to go back and make a change!
I think people like Big pharoah, Sand monkey and myself and other bloggers who have great ideas and suggestions about Egypt need to take action, all we do is complain, but when will we take action.
I am going to enroll in a political science program, and i'm going HOME one day and i will make a change, and if i can't, at least i will try!
I think people like Big pharoah, Sand monkey and myself and other bloggers who have great ideas and suggestions about Egypt need to take action, all we do is complain, but when will we take action.
I am going to enroll in a political science program, and i'm going HOME one day and i will make a change, and if i can't, at least i will try!
Thursday, August 10, 2006
Tuesday, August 08, 2006
Israeli PM's Speech & Propaganda
Propaganda is a specific type of message presentation directly aimed at influencing the opinions of people, rather than impartially providing information.
Today I received an e-mail from a friend, the title was "What Israel is going Through" This email was of a speech given by the Israeli PM after the Quana massacre. It is a very well written and calculated speech, that would definitely draw sympathy towards Israel to the average person who doesn't know the roots of the middle east conflict (ie:most Americans). In it the PM tries to draw world support by instilling fear in other nations. He actually uses the Quana massacre to his advantage, emphasizing how the Israelis don't parade their dead children's body parts on TV and how the Arabs do, in bringing up that point he actually turns the tide around and makes the reader feel that Arabs are savages for showing such photos of their dead children.
Propaganda is like a chess game, and the Israelis have been excelling at it for decades. Sure the Arab media tries the same tactics, but it fails to make its point in a more "Civilized" way, ie: Parading the dead children for example.
The state of Israel has 12 major USA Public Relations companies working for them to make sure they keep a nice peaceful image, I'm sure it never crossed an Arab countries mind to use such a smart tactic. At the end of the email, its says, "if you want to help the world, send this to 20 of your friends, and make sure they send it to 20 more" I must say those Israelis are smart, maybe us Arabs need to take a few pointers from them... This speech is a prime example, its very moving, and again a person who does not know the roots of this conflict would easily be persuaded into joining the pro Israeli camp.
I'd have to give him an A+ for execusion and delivery, but a D- for truth
THE SPEECH
Today I received an e-mail from a friend, the title was "What Israel is going Through" This email was of a speech given by the Israeli PM after the Quana massacre. It is a very well written and calculated speech, that would definitely draw sympathy towards Israel to the average person who doesn't know the roots of the middle east conflict (ie:most Americans). In it the PM tries to draw world support by instilling fear in other nations. He actually uses the Quana massacre to his advantage, emphasizing how the Israelis don't parade their dead children's body parts on TV and how the Arabs do, in bringing up that point he actually turns the tide around and makes the reader feel that Arabs are savages for showing such photos of their dead children.
Propaganda is like a chess game, and the Israelis have been excelling at it for decades. Sure the Arab media tries the same tactics, but it fails to make its point in a more "Civilized" way, ie: Parading the dead children for example.
The state of Israel has 12 major USA Public Relations companies working for them to make sure they keep a nice peaceful image, I'm sure it never crossed an Arab countries mind to use such a smart tactic. At the end of the email, its says, "if you want to help the world, send this to 20 of your friends, and make sure they send it to 20 more" I must say those Israelis are smart, maybe us Arabs need to take a few pointers from them... This speech is a prime example, its very moving, and again a person who does not know the roots of this conflict would easily be persuaded into joining the pro Israeli camp.
I'd have to give him an A+ for execusion and delivery, but a D- for truth
THE SPEECH
Ok so how about a laugh!
I love Egypt, Egypt is a pretty modern Arab country, but there are definitly some social ills. This cartoon pokes fun at those social ills. Watch scene one and then watch Scene2, the graphics are meant to be cheesy by the way! Its in Arabic.I guarantee you'll get a laugh out of this if you've been to Egypt.
Egypt in 2018
Egypt in 2018
Sunday, August 06, 2006
Articles by Robert Fisk concerning the current war.
Robert Fisk is a world renowned British writer, he covered the Lebanese civil war, and is the Author of Pity the Nation.
This cease fire draft shows who is running America's policy... Israel
'How can we stand by and allow this to go on?'
Slaughter in Quana
Another 9/11?
This cease fire draft shows who is running America's policy... Israel
'How can we stand by and allow this to go on?'
Slaughter in Quana
Another 9/11?
The Real Estate War!!
I read THIS EXCELLENT ARTICLE on the Beirut Live Blog , very interesting!
Mr. Levy is the voice of reason. Hopefully he will be heard across Israel. It's time to understand the Arab perspective: Israel's occupation of land is the source of all wars in the Middle East.
By Gideon Levy
Haaratz
Mr. Levy is the voice of reason. Hopefully he will be heard across Israel. It's time to understand the Arab perspective: Israel's occupation of land is the source of all wars in the Middle East.
By Gideon Levy
Haaratz
Saturday, August 05, 2006
How about those Wacky Iraqis!!
The death toll in Iraq has surpassed a 100 people daily, and the saddest part is that its from violence by Iraqis on Iraqis. Every day I read the news and you hear of numerous people getting killed in suicide bombings there, in ambushes in all sorts of ways, Sunni killing Shia, Shia killing sunni, they are bombing one another's holy places that have been there for years, and its all done in the name of Religion. What a shame! Remember this isn't the U.S military killing Iraqis, this is violence from within, we all know the USA made a huge mistake when they went into Iraq, but Bush is a HOMAR and that's well known and doesn't' need any discussion.
I just don't understand how the Arab world doesn't give this sectarian violence any thought, where are the protests against the Iraqis killing eachother? We only see protests regarding Iraq when they are against the USA, that's it! Are we as Arabs that narrow minded? Today I was watching TV and I saw how in Iraq there was huge protest of Shias, and a few Sunnis together to support Hezbollah, and chant death to America and Israel, well at least it looks like the Sunnis and Shias of Iraq have found common ground in something! But I'm sure tomorrow they will be killing eachother again, and ofcourse in the name of religion.
unfortunately it looks like Uncle Saddams regime was the only regime that kept Iraq united. It appears that you had to rule those people with an iron fist, because look at what happens when you give them a little bit of rope, they just Hang themselves with it!! I can't imagine what would happen if the U.S military pulled out now....They are the only form of law there, since none of the Iraqis realy take their new puppet government seriously. The USA commited its biggest mistake by toppling Saddam's government, and sending Iraq into the brink of Civil war. If the USA pulled out now it would be an all out blood bath in Iraq, that's if it isn't already.
I just don't understand how the Arab world doesn't give this sectarian violence any thought, where are the protests against the Iraqis killing eachother? We only see protests regarding Iraq when they are against the USA, that's it! Are we as Arabs that narrow minded? Today I was watching TV and I saw how in Iraq there was huge protest of Shias, and a few Sunnis together to support Hezbollah, and chant death to America and Israel, well at least it looks like the Sunnis and Shias of Iraq have found common ground in something! But I'm sure tomorrow they will be killing eachother again, and ofcourse in the name of religion.
unfortunately it looks like Uncle Saddams regime was the only regime that kept Iraq united. It appears that you had to rule those people with an iron fist, because look at what happens when you give them a little bit of rope, they just Hang themselves with it!! I can't imagine what would happen if the U.S military pulled out now....They are the only form of law there, since none of the Iraqis realy take their new puppet government seriously. The USA commited its biggest mistake by toppling Saddam's government, and sending Iraq into the brink of Civil war. If the USA pulled out now it would be an all out blood bath in Iraq, that's if it isn't already.
Probably one of the best Posts out there! 7Rules of the APU, on Sandmonkeys BLOG!
I was reading through Rantings of a Sandmonkeys Blog and came across this post! some of it is so true and makes alot of sense, and some of it i don't 100% agree with, anywyas, direct link to Sandmonkeys blog!
The 7 rules of the Arab Parellel Universe
1) Arabs never make mistakes, and they rarely lose wars.
2) The Zionists and the Americans are always to blame for everything that is wrong in the APU.
3) If there is any credit at all that can be contributed to Arabs in any way, they will take it.
4) Good leadership is inversely related to how US-friendly a leader is!
5) Any media that is not the official state-owned media is filled with Zionist, Jewish, American, Christian, imperialist, anti-arab influences and they LIE ALL THE TIME!
6) There is really no need for elections in the APU, because Presidents and rulers are presidents and rulers for life.
7) The only viable alternative candidate to the current leader or president is this current leader or president’s son
The 7 rules of the Arab Parellel Universe
1) Arabs never make mistakes, and they rarely lose wars.
2) The Zionists and the Americans are always to blame for everything that is wrong in the APU.
3) If there is any credit at all that can be contributed to Arabs in any way, they will take it.
4) Good leadership is inversely related to how US-friendly a leader is!
5) Any media that is not the official state-owned media is filled with Zionist, Jewish, American, Christian, imperialist, anti-arab influences and they LIE ALL THE TIME!
6) There is really no need for elections in the APU, because Presidents and rulers are presidents and rulers for life.
7) The only viable alternative candidate to the current leader or president is this current leader or president’s son
My view on the Israel/ Hezbollah war!
This atrocious war has been going on for almost a month now. Civilians are dying on both sides, and there is no clear winner or obtainable objective in site for either party. Israel thinks it can eradicate Hezbollah militarily, I believe that is impossible. Hezbollah are intertwined with the population, you can't get rid of them in any other way but diplomacy, they are unfortunately part of Lebanon. All Israel's rampage is doing is recruiting and making more people sympathize with Hezbollah. Israel is literally committing mass murder in Lebanon, and the world just watches. While killing civilians and destroying Lebanons infrastructure and weakining Lebanons goverment in the process, Israel is delivering Lebanon into the clutches of Hizbollah.
Hezbollah is not the one suffering much from Israel's onslaught, it is Lebanon as a whole and its population. This country was a very democratic moderate country in the middle east, I believe by next year there was going to be a lot of pressure exerted on Hezbollah to lay down their arms and become a strictly political party. I just watched Nasrallah on TV telling Israel if you bomb central Beirut I will bomb Tel-Aviv, that is just plain stupid, why keep antagonizing a merciless nation like Israel.
Israel should face war trials for what they have done in Lebanon after this is over, and they should be required to pay the bill to rebuild Lebanon's infrastructure, and there should be UN sanctions against them as well. What Israel is doing absolutely disgusts me, they are obliterating Lebanon, and every time they kill a big group of civilians they say "sorry, it was a mistake" or they say its Arab Propaganda! Israel has destroyed all the bridges and major roads, and there is no gasoline for cars available anyways, then they drop leaflets and tell the Lebanese to leave the area they will bomb. Where are those people supposed to go? and how can they get there?
Where is the UN in all this? It seems that Israel and the USA don't have to listen to the U.N. Kofi Anan seems to have no control, even though he is trying. Even the 48 hour stopage of Aerial bombardment by Israel was never implimented, Israel broke that decision the next morning.
Hezbollah must be disarmed and dealt with by the LEBANESE government and army, they cannot be allowed to remain in Lebanon. They are only a thorn in the side of a moderate Lebanon. Either they disarm and become primarily a political peaceful movement or they must be dealt with some other way.
We must also realize something, many people in south Lebanon depend on Hizbolla, this is due to the failure of the Lebanese goverment itself to provide to its poor south Lebanon population, and Hizbolla has stepped in and filled that void, by providing health care, education, hospitals and so on....So the Lebanese goverment by not dealing with the problems in the South have themselves contributed to Hizbollahs popularity.
There are no winners in this war only losers. Remember all the dead can never be brought back. The 750,000 displaced people in Lebanon are very angry, and I'm sure some of them are very vengeful, which you cannot blame them! Israel has only succeeded in creating more enemies throughout the world.
I am 100% against what Israel is doing and the way they have handled the situation in Lebanon, but i am also 100% against any entity such as Hizbolla, in this day and age there is no room for such militant groups.
Hezbollah is not the one suffering much from Israel's onslaught, it is Lebanon as a whole and its population. This country was a very democratic moderate country in the middle east, I believe by next year there was going to be a lot of pressure exerted on Hezbollah to lay down their arms and become a strictly political party. I just watched Nasrallah on TV telling Israel if you bomb central Beirut I will bomb Tel-Aviv, that is just plain stupid, why keep antagonizing a merciless nation like Israel.
Israel should face war trials for what they have done in Lebanon after this is over, and they should be required to pay the bill to rebuild Lebanon's infrastructure, and there should be UN sanctions against them as well. What Israel is doing absolutely disgusts me, they are obliterating Lebanon, and every time they kill a big group of civilians they say "sorry, it was a mistake" or they say its Arab Propaganda! Israel has destroyed all the bridges and major roads, and there is no gasoline for cars available anyways, then they drop leaflets and tell the Lebanese to leave the area they will bomb. Where are those people supposed to go? and how can they get there?
Where is the UN in all this? It seems that Israel and the USA don't have to listen to the U.N. Kofi Anan seems to have no control, even though he is trying. Even the 48 hour stopage of Aerial bombardment by Israel was never implimented, Israel broke that decision the next morning.
Hezbollah must be disarmed and dealt with by the LEBANESE government and army, they cannot be allowed to remain in Lebanon. They are only a thorn in the side of a moderate Lebanon. Either they disarm and become primarily a political peaceful movement or they must be dealt with some other way.
We must also realize something, many people in south Lebanon depend on Hizbolla, this is due to the failure of the Lebanese goverment itself to provide to its poor south Lebanon population, and Hizbolla has stepped in and filled that void, by providing health care, education, hospitals and so on....So the Lebanese goverment by not dealing with the problems in the South have themselves contributed to Hizbollahs popularity.
There are no winners in this war only losers. Remember all the dead can never be brought back. The 750,000 displaced people in Lebanon are very angry, and I'm sure some of them are very vengeful, which you cannot blame them! Israel has only succeeded in creating more enemies throughout the world.
I am 100% against what Israel is doing and the way they have handled the situation in Lebanon, but i am also 100% against any entity such as Hizbolla, in this day and age there is no room for such militant groups.
Egypt on MYSPACE
Check this out, Egypt has her own myspace page!
I figured people need to see a modern Egypt, most people around the world picture Egypt in a whole different light, Pyramids, Desert, Beggers and so on. So i gathered some pictures, and information and made a EGYPT page on MYSPACE.
http://myspace.com/egypt_masr
I figured people need to see a modern Egypt, most people around the world picture Egypt in a whole different light, Pyramids, Desert, Beggers and so on. So i gathered some pictures, and information and made a EGYPT page on MYSPACE.
http://myspace.com/egypt_masr
17 Ways to modernize EGYPT.
These are some of the reforms I believe we need to see in EGYPT, I wrote these points down about a year ago, before the new Israeli aggression, which I am totally against, but me being against Israel's actions, absolutely does not mean I support any Islamic or otherwise militant movement! I'm not looking to change the world or the country with my suggestions, they are merely suggestions that if put into action could only improve our state.
1) Clean the city, if someone gets caught throwing garbage in the street give them a ticket, if your walking down the street and you see a piece of paper, pick it up and throw it away. Why do people keep their city dirty, I just don't get it? who wants to live in this filth? My grandmother tells me of the time when Egypt was a clean country, what happened?
2)Care about human life, and don't just say its fate and it was their time to go.
3) MUST MUST separate religion from state, Egypt is not one religion it is many. Every EGYPTIAN no matter his religion must feel welcome in his country. Teach respect of religion weather it be Jewish, Muslim or Christian, Teach kids to judge people by their actions not their religion.
4)Create a minimum wage(people get paid a certain amount of money at the minimum, for example in America no one can get paid less than $5.75 an hour, its illegal) so that poor people aren't always poor. So that people can actually make something out of nothing.
5) Absolutely free enterprise, too many businesses and services are owned by the government in Egypt,, private hospitals,ambulance companies,security companies ect..., so that there is competition and companies have to have good customer service to stay in business.
6)Create a credit rating system so people can borrow money from banks and buy homes and cars, and if they do not pay their bills,go after them legally government loans to small business owners, so they can start a business, and provide a service to make the community better, and better themselves.
7) Educate POLICE, respect them, don't just make them a shawish and pay them nothing, pay them good so that they are motivated and feel like they are something. Respect is one of the biggest motivators.
8)Ticket speeders and bad drivers who don't obey traffic laws and make them pay a fine and go to court, therefore people are liable and will think twice before they drive like morons.
9)GOVERNMENT regulations on buildings and parks and any areas, so owners must stay on top of their work and keep our city looking good, repair roads and buildings(remove ugly advertisements from building sides) by using private construction companies, that have to compete for business therefore they do a good job. Make our city look good.
10)Instill in the kids that they must grow up and be successful, that they don't have to be poor, teach them that praying and so on is important but also working and making a lot of money is important and possible, you can't just keep on praying, you must work hard and want to be something.
11)Stop preaching hate against Israel and America, look at our own country and its problems and try to fix it and its economy before crying about Palestine and Iraq. What Israel is doing in Lebanon and Palestine is of course wrong and horrible. But we really need to Help our country first then help anyone else.
12) increase government employees pay so that they actually do a good job and not just hate their job and hate being there, therefore passing their misery onto the consumer.
13)Allow free press, people should babble to talk freely and state their opinions.
14)Make the armed forces voluntary, but create opportunities, such as free private colleges if you are in the armed forces, benefits, insurance. Make a soldier, even the lowest rank feel proud and patriotic not miserable, and treated like a cockroach.
15)Free democratic election so that candidates must try hard to make the country happy and improve it. Only 4 year terms like in the USA, not 20 something years. Be very careful when voting, we don't want a crazy Iran Like Islamic state.
16) Create rules and regulate all aspects of the country, such as the taxis for example, make them have to pass emission tests for example, forced regulations make companies more liable and responsible for what they do.
17)I really think the Education system in Egypt is TOO HARD, yes too hard, I remember up until I was 14(the year I moved to USA) I was always studying, hours upon hours, I had nothing else to do. Not enough time for sports or to expand ones mind. In the USA and Europe people develop their learning skills, but have time to join in other activities therefore they get to expand their horizons.
* Just give people hope!
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)